Madrid, 1895. Routledge, 2017. The Study of Philippine History. Species listing, distribution, and molecular identification of macrofungi in six Aeta tribal communities in Central Luzon, Philippines. Sepa was usually depicted as mummy with the two antenna of a centipede. Jocano, F. L. (1958). National Commission on Culture and the Arts. Someday, that caterpillar will wake up as a butterfly or moth and so, the caterpillar can be associated with any sort of transformative magic and ritual. Ampuan, R. B., et al. Llamzon, Teodoro A. Fiu Weh: the god who created modern humans by separating the sexual organs; Sawe: goddess who joined Melu to live in the world, Diwata: goddess who joined Fiuwe to live in the sky, Baswit: a primordial bird who lived on the first island as small as a hat called Salnaon; by the order of the gods, it brought earth, a fruit of rattan, and fruits of trees to Melu, who used the materials to create the world, Tau Dalom Tala: spirit who lives in the underworld, Loos Klagan: the most feared deity, uttering his name is considered a curse, Bulon La Mogoaw: one of the two supreme deities; married to Kadaw La Sambad; lives in the seventh layer of the universe, Kadaw La Sambad: one of the two supreme deities; married to Bulon La Mogoaw; lives in the seventh layer of the universe, Cumucul: son of the supreme deities; has a cohort of fire, a sword and shield; married to BoiKafil, BoiKafil: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Cumucul, Bong Libun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Sfedat; could not bear children, Sfedat: son of the supreme deities; married to Bong Libun; could not bear children; asked Bong Libun to instead kill him, where his body became the land on which plants spout from, Dwata: son of the supreme deities; married to both Sedek We and Hyu We; placed the land-body of Sfedat onto the sea, Sedek We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Dwata, Hyu We: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Dwata, Blotik: son of the supreme deities; married to Slel, Slel: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Blotik, Blomi: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Mule, Mule: son of the supreme deities; married to Blomi, Loos Klagan: son of the supreme deities; married both La Fun and Datu Bnoling, La Fun: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos Klagan, Datu Bnoling: daughter of the supreme deities; married to Loos Klagan, Fu: spirits that inhabit and own the natural environment. Cultural Center of the Philippines. Bane, Theresa (2016). Picardal Jr., E. B. Webcoppell city council members. University of San Carlos Publications. de el Renacimiento, 1909. (1915). On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Ouano-Savellon, R. (2014). Readings in Philippine literature. Lulu.com, 2016. Jocano, F. L. (2000). Pinatubo and ruler of the eight rivers, Tl: the bright star, the one who introduced wet-rice culture, Munag Sumal: the golden serpent child of Aring Sinukuan; represents dawn, Lakandanup: son of Aring Sinukuan; the god of gluttony and represents the sun at noon time, Gatpanapun: son of Aring Sinukuan; the noble who only knew pleasure and represents the afternoon, Sisilim: child of Apng Malyari; she represents the dusk and is greeted by the songs of the cicada upon her arrival, Galur: winged assistant of Aring Sinukuan; a giant eagle and the bringer of storms, Nga: serpent deities known for their protective nature; their presence in structures are talismans against fire, Lakandanum: variant of the Naga, known to rule the waters, Lakandnup: serpent goddess who comes during total eclipses; followed by famine; eats a person's shadow, which will result in withering and death; daughter of ring Snukuan and Dpu, Dpu: crocodile deity who holds the earth on her back; a nunu or earth goddess, and known as the mother ocean, Lw: a giant creature similar to a mixture of a bird, a serpent, and a crocodile who seeks to swallow Ald and Blan; the soul of Dpu who does her bidding as Dpu has been weakened when her belly burst; in another, less common, version, Lw is the ghost of Dpu; while in another, Lw is the descendant of Dpu, seeking revenge for the deity's mother, Batl: kingfisher deity, known as the father sky; known as Salaksak, he was swallowed by Dpu, where he dissolved and his two souls came out, bursting out of Dpu's belly, Rizal: a culture-hero who will return through resurrection to aid his people in their struggle, Felipe Salvador: a hero who will someday return to the people to help them in their struggle; based on a historical person, Piriang: a prideful maiden who would rather marry a demon than a poor man, Guanchiango: a man who was deceived by a demon, who he released from a jar. Dua Sepa! littlewillownymph said: not a god, but related to spiders: deitiesdaily.tumblr.com. Cole, M. C. (1916). Aguilar, [edited by] Celedonio G. (1994). Catholic Anthropologist Conference. Asian Studies, Volumes 21-30. Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. Wisdom from a Rainforest: The Spiritual Journey of an Anthropologist. 1/2: The Negritos as a Minority Group in the Philippines. Ateneo de Manila University. 42, No. Labayo, C. C. (2019). Letter to Gregory XIII. The Katipunan of the Philippines. Springer International Publishing. Far Eastern University Faculty Journal, Volume 12. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). 8, No. Lapulapu in Folk Tradition. University of the Philippines Press, 1993. In Our Islands, Our People: The Histories and Cultures of the Filipino Nation, edited by Cruz-Lucero, R. Clavel, L. S. (1972). Vibal, H. (1923). These perceptions of existence towards gods, goddesses, deities, and spirits in the sacred native Filipino religions, is the same way how Christians perceive the existence of their god they refer as God and the same way Muslims perceive the existence of their god they refer as Allah. Scutigera coleoptrata: This is commonly referred to as the house centipede. Scott, William Henry (1994). Kurita: an amphibious animal with several limbs and lived on land and sea; haunts Mount Kabalalan, and slayed by Rajah Solayman; Tarabusar: a humongous human-like creature who lived in Mount Matutum; slayed by Rajah Solayman, Pah: a bird of prey as big as a house and whose wings caused darkness on the ground; lives in Mount Bita and slayed by Rajah Solayman at Mount Gurayn, Monster of Mount Gurayn: a seven-headed monster at Mount Gurayn, who was slayed by Rajah Indarapatra, Wife of Rajah Indarapatra: daughter of a local ruler who hid in a cave due to the number of monsters in Maguindanao; married to Rajah Indarapatra and gave birth to their children; they were entrusted to her father, the local ruler, after Rajah Indarapatra returned to Mantapoli, Tohan: the supreme deity who is perfect, having no defect; can cause and stop earthquakes and pestilence; later also called as Allah by Muslim converts, Sun Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a flaming young man; angels serve as his charioteers, Moon Deity: divine being depicted in an anthropomorphic form as a beautiful young woman; angels serve as her charioteers, Jinn: beings who live in the atmosphere which serves as a buffer zone between the skyworld and the earth, called Oraonan a Lantoy, known for possessing a garden of flowers and vegetables, Walain sa Letingan: the princess-goddess living in a skyworld region called Magoyeda a Selegen, Papanok sa Aras: children who died prematurely and were transformed into birds of paradise living in the skyworld region called Sorga, Houris: heavenly maidens blessed with eternal beauty and perpetual virginity, Lumpong: a large animal who carries the earth; accompanied by a small shrimp that sometimes claws on the earth-holder from time to time, causing the phenomena of earthquakes, Sakar: a monster in the underworld where disrespectful children are trapped in its belly, Walain Katolosan: the goddess who owns the amulet Sikag a Makaombaw, Tonong: divine spirits who often aid heroes; often lives in nonok trees, seas, lakes, and the sky realm, Apo: benign tornado and waterspout spirits; a classification of tonong; they are the ancestral spirits tasked to kill or drive away evil spirits, Sakit: maligant harmful spirits responsible for diseases; a classification of tonong, Saitan: malignant possessing spirits; a classification of tonong, Inikadowa: the benign spirit double or guardian of a person, who is with the person when the baby is born; a classification of tonong; the placenta is their manifestation, Tolos: a class of tonong who inhabit the sky realms; prayed to, especially in times of battle and protection for quests; referred to as gods, Pinatola a Tonong: the ancestor of all unseen benevolent spirits; a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile at sea, a garuda in air, and a giant on land; a guardian spirit of Diwata Ndaw Gibon, Pinatoli i Kilid: a tonong who takes the form of a gigantic crocodile; the guardian spirit of the king of Bemberan, Diwata Ndaw Gibon; clashed with Ladalad a Madali, grandson of Gibon; later gave valuable information to Madali; during the battle of Madali and Pirimbingan, Madali was aided by Pinatoli i Kilid against Pirimbingan's spirit guardian, Magolaing sa Ragat, Magolaing sa Ragat: a tonong of the enchantress Walain Pirimbangan; took the form of a gigantic crocodile, Sikag a Makaombaw: the intelligent and independent tonong (spirit) living within the Sikag a Makaombaw amulet, regarded as the most powerful amulet of all due to its ability to grant its wielder authority over all tonong, Salindagaw Masingir: a tonong of the hero Awilawil o Ndaw; acts as the guardian-spirit of the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan, Walain sa Lekepen: a goddess courted by the hero Bantogen, Diwata ko sa Magaw: spirit of destruction; a tolos or deity, Minoaw a Minepen: powerful spirit of the sky; a tolos or deity, Naga: dragons who repel evil spirits; a specific huge Naga is said to encircle the world, Arimaonga: a giant lion who causes lunar eclipses, Gabriel: an angel who reported to the supreme deity the overpopulation of the kingdom of Mantapoli, which resulted in its transfer and the creation of Lake Lanao, Malakal Maut: the angel of death; takes the souls of someone after three to seven days from the falling of the person's leaf from the sacred Sadiarathul Montaha tree in the realm called Sorga; appears either a handsome prince or a grotesque monsters, depending if the soul he is getting comed from a sinner or a virtuous person; punishes the souls of sinners until final judgment, while lifting up the souls of the good onto heaven, Tonong of Lake Lanao: there are many tonong of Lake Lanao, who are invoked during certain rituals such as the kashawing rice ritual, Aya Diwata Mokom sa Kaadiong a Lopa: father of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-tonong and a half-human, Daromoyod an Olan: mother of the three rulers of the three kingdoms from the Darangen; a half-jinn and a half-human, Rulers of the Three Main Kingdoms from the Darangen: all three are siblings, Diwata Ndaw Gibon: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Iliyan a Bembaran, which was a favord abode of the tonong; had two sons with his head-wife Aya Panganay Bai, and a total of five daughters from five other wives, Awilawil o Ndaw: a semi-divine hero who ruled the kingdom of Kaibat a Kadaan, Dalondong a Mimbantas: a semi-divine hero ruled the kingdom of Gindolongan Marogong, which possessed the enchanted river Pagayawan that refuses to flow without the presence of thunder, Aya Panganay Bai: married to Diwata Ndaw Gibon, who she has two sons; came from a place known as Minangoaw a Ronong, Tominaman sa Rogong: firstborn son of Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; succeeded his father as ruler of Iliyan a Bembaran, Magondaya Boisan: secondborn son Diwata Ndaw Gibon and Aya Panganay Bai; expanded the kingdom of Bembaran together with his brother-king, Tominaman sa Rogong, Pasandalan a Rogong: son of Tominaman sa Rogong, Bantogen: son of Tominaman sa Rogong; he courted the goddess Walain sa Lekepen, and was assumed missing by his people, leading to a search journey; returned with Madali to their kingdom, Ladalad a Madali: son of Magondaya Boisan; went into a journey to rescue his cousin Bantugen, and all those who first came to find Bantugen; can become invisible with the aided of his guardian spirits; aided by his grandfather's guardian spirit Pinatoli i Kilid who clashed with the Walain Pirimbangan's guardian spirit; shapeshifted into a woman to take the amulet of the goddess Walain Katolosan, foiling the plan of Pirimbangan, Walain Pirimbangan: an enchantress from Danalima a Rogong who imprisoned Bantugen and all the leaders of Bembaran who rescued him; aided by her guardian spirit, Magolaing sa Ragat, Maharadia Lawana: a man with eight heads who was banished for his bad mouth; tried to kill himself, but failed upon the intervention of the angel Gabriel, Kapmadali: a hero who battled Pinatola a Tonong, Pilandok: a cunning man who tricked various people from a blind man to a kingdom's ruler. When spring rolls around, you'll see bees buzzing around your garden, partaking of the rich pollen in your flowers and herbs. Page 378. Creation and Flood Myths in Philippine Folk Literature. Folk-Islam in Maranao Society. Datu na Gyadsal: the chief adversary, who was also later called as Satan by Muslim converts; Spirit of the Rainbow: a spirit who may cut the finger of those who use their index finger to point at the rainbow, Bantugen: an epic hero-god and the god of forefathers who the masses look up to and trust, Apo: anestral spirits who take the role of intermediaries who overcome evil spirits, Pagari: also called Inikadowa, the twin-spirit who is sometimes in the form of a crocodile; if a person is possessed by them, the person will attain the gift of healing, Tarabusao: a half-man, half-horse giant monster who rules Mindanao and feasted on male human flesh, which caused many to escape into the island of Mantapuli; beheaded by Skander, Skander: the ruler of Mantapuli and an epic hero who went on a quest to slay the monster Tarabusao, Bai Labi Mapanda: the fairest lady of Mantapuli who is married to Skander, Kalanganan Kapre: a good giant who provided the people of Kalanganan I with security, guarding them against bad elements; eventually left Kalanganan when his home near the Pulangi river was cut down due to a surge in human population, Rajah Indarapatra: brother of Rajah Solayman; gave his ring and sword called Jurul Pakal to his brother, who went on a quest to defeat the monsters in Maguindanao; also planted a tree which would only die if Rajah Solayman dies; searched for his brother, who he revived using heaven-sent waters at Mount Gurayn; he afterwards went into his own quest, where he slayed a seven-headed monster; he eventually returned to Mantapoli, Rajah Solayman: brother of Rajah Indarapatra; went on a quest to defeat various monsters; slayed Kurita, Tarabusar, and Pah, but died when Pah's weight crushed him; revived when Rajah Indarapatra poured heaven-sent waters onto his bones, where afterwards, Rajah Solayman returned to Mantapoli. It is referred to in a number of Hindu scriptures. NOTE: These settings will only apply to the browser and device you are currently using. Likewise, some sites suggest that part of Sepas protective role, especially in regards to protecting Wesir, is due to the fact that centipedes will eat the bugs that feast on a dead body. 160(1): 3171. 5. As a carnivore, it eats other insects like arthropods and arachnids. Quezon City: U.P. Monier-Williams, Monier (1872). Hares: If a hare crosses your path, it's bad luck. Philippine Sociological Review Vol. Centipedes were seen following earthworms which improved the fertility of soil, leading to Sepas association with fertility. Andico, F. L. The Lowland Cultural Community of Pangasinan. University of the Philippines Press. University of the Philippines Press, 2000. Talavera, Manalo, Baybay, Saludario, Dizon, Mauro, Porquerino, Novela, Yakit, Banares, Francisco, Inocencio, Rongavilla, Cruz (2013). Yabes, L. Y. Some Aspects of Filipino Vernacular Literature, 292293. Buenabora, N. P. (1975). 1978. 1977. Page 22-23. Exploration into Sama Philosophy: Omboh. Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Madrid, 1895. Mayura (Sanskrit: Mayra) is a Sanskrit word for peacock[1] which is one of the sacred birds of the Hindu culture. Kelly, P. (2016). Oxford Research Group. 2, No. Tengu. Talaguit, C. J. N. (2019). Relacion de las Yslas Filipinas. Sulod Society. Retrieved from https://www.learnreligions.com/insect-magic-and-folklore-2562520. On January 14th we honor Sepa, the Centipede God. Vocabulariode lengua tagala: El romance castellano puesto primero. Kroeber, A. L. (1918). Manila: National Museum. Southeast Asia Institute. Each ethnic group has their own distinct pantheon of deities. Aggirigira: Invisible beings that cause mischief, diseases and misfortunes, Biuag: a culture hero who possessed a golden lace amulet, Malana: a culture hero who possessed a golden axe amulet, Nanolay: creator of all things; a culture hero and a beneficent deity; never inflicts pain or punishment on the people; responsible for the origin and development of the world, Ofag: cousin of Nanolay; personification of evil, Talanganay: a male god-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance, Menalam: a female goddess-spirit; enters the body of a healer and gives instructions on how to heal the sick while in a trance. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Limikid, B. In dream symbolism, earthworms indicate a need to delve into ones subconscious. Believe it or not, many insects are associated with a variety of magical properties from predicting the weather to communicating with the dead. Manila. Lets look at some of the magical meanings behind butterflies. Fansler, D. S. (1922). Spiders may be scary, but they can be magical too!. Good Press, 2019. Buyser, F. (1913). dayton leroy rogers family. Filipino Children's Favorite Stories. I am Anubis on the Day of the Centipede, I am the Bull who presides over the field. 2: The Customs of the Tiruray People. 28, No. Martinez-Juan, M. C. (2003). Lahing Pilipino Publication. Diccionario mitologico de Filipinas. The number 1 is also associated with Allah, Aphrodite the Greek Goddess of Love, Apollo the Greek God of Communication, Diana the Roman Goddess of the Hunt, Vesta the Roman Hearth Goddess, Frey the Norse Hearth Goddess, Jehovah, the Egyptian God Neter and the Chinese God Pangu. Page 151-152. National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Maka-andog: A Reconstructed Myth from Eastern Samar, Philippines. Philippine Folk Tales . Description mukade are monstrous mukadecentipedes (Scolopendra subspinipes) with dark bodies and bright orange legs and heads. Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. Webmukade (, mukade) is a very large centipede-like yokai that lives in the mountains near Lake Biwa, Shiga Prefecture. Philippine Sociological Review Vol. Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Jenks, A. 45, No. WebThe following is a list of gods, goddesses, deities, and many other divine, semi-divine, and important figures from classical Philippine mythology and indigenous Philippine folk religions collectively referred to as Anito, whose expansive stories span from a hundred years ago to presumably thousands of years from modern times.The list does not include creatures; Bees have been the subject of myth and lore for ages. Lets look at some of the folklore, myths, and magic associated with fireflies. I'm not an expert in this stuff, but after a quick Google search, several sites wrote that butterflies are a sign of major, personal transformation. patio homes for sale knoxville, tn; valentina lisitsa child Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society. Manila. Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Global Environment Facility, and UNDP. Williams, M. S. (1997). Hurao, Father of Maka-andog: lived in Mt. The Institutions of Maguindanao. Mojares, R. B. Bran in Welsh really means crow, but sometimes with references to head, height, hill, in the sense of headmaster, sir. The ties that bind: The Buhid Mangyan People of Mindoro, their Sacred Lands and Medicine Mountain. Asiaweek Limited, 1986. Rajah Indarapatra: ancestor of both tonong and the Maranao; a child of heaven who chose to be reincarnated as a mortal son of the ruler Nabi Bakaramat; Rajah Solaiman: went into a journey to slay Omakaan, but was killed by Omakaan, Laughing Woman: a woman who told Rajah Indarapatra what not to do to kill Omakaan, Omakaan: a man-eating monster who multiplies when cut into pieces, Kalalanagan: also called Princess Condor; all her previous husbands except Inodang died because she is the source of mosquitoes, which come from her nose, Inodang: the last husband of Kalalanagan; burned Kalalanagan to prevent more deaths, but some of Kalalanagan's mosquitoes escaped, which means Kalalanagan still lives, Turtle and Snake: friends who went into a race, where the patient turtle won, Lapindig: husband of Orak and Odang; upon finding his wives' death, he tightened his waist to stave off hunger and became the wasp, Orak: wife of Lapindig, killed herself after Odang's death, Odang: wife of Lapindig, accidentally died due to a quarrel with Orak about cooking and transporting food for Lapindig, Semsem sa Alongan: a magician; husband of Anak, Anak: wife of Semsem sa Alongan and youngest daughter of Sultan sa Agamaniyog; died due to a plan of Potre Bunso, where Anak was grounded by stone doors due to her failure to ask permission from Ring of Fire, Sharp and Pointed Metals, and Flowing River; her long hair became the leaves of the sapinit, Potre Bunso: jealous sister of Anak's good fortune, Dayang Dayang Mangilai: the goddess of the forest and one of the two supreme deities; married to Umboh Tuhan. Nearly all cultures have some sort of spider mythology, and folktales about these crawly creatures abound! Blumentritt, Ferdinand (1895). Aradia (Italian) Page 358. University of Kent. The Culture of the Bontoc Igorot. H. Otley Beyer Ethnographic Collection. San Antonio, Juan Francisco de (1738). Genitality in Tagalog. Outline of Philippine Mythology. However, once you overlook the post-coital cannibalism of the praying mantis (which seems to happen mostly in a laboratory setting), they are also connected with finding ones way. Cultural Center of the Philippines (1994). Ever since, Japanese art and literature has built upon this legacy of monsters, demons, gods and animal spirits, especially in Japanese woodblock printing. Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System., 1983. Bran is the Lord who owns the Cauldron of Regeneration. Webdeities associated with centipedesgriffin park demolishedgriffin park demolished University of the Philippines Diliman. 49, No. Page 29. San Agustin Museum. (1917). Maragtas. Numbers and Units in Old Tagalog. You may change your settings at any time. WebGoats: Goats are a sign of good luck. Learn Religions. "9 Magical Insects and Their Folklore." Lacson, T.; Gamos, A. Pambid, Nenita D. (2000). Felipe Pardo, archbishop of Manila (1686-1688)Carta sobre la idolatria de los naturales de la provincia de Zambales, y de los del pueblo de Santo Tomas y otros circunvecinos. (1982). The Gods and Goddesses. Wood, G. L. (1957). Almendral, E. C. (1972). Blair, Helen Emma & Robetson, James Alexander. Ramos-Shahani, L., Mangahas, Fe., Romero-Llaguno, J. Press. PhD diss., University of the Philippines. 4, Special Issue: Cebuano Literary Studies: Double Marginalization and Speaking Back: A Reading of Three Post-Colonial Texts. Canberra: The Australian National University. Worms are (obviously) associated with the element of earth, and so can be incorporated into workings related to growth, fertility, the life cycle, and even the underworld. Barton, R. F. (1955, December). Yasuda, S., Razaq Raj, R., Griffin, K. A. Monteclaro, P. A. Dancing with the ghosts of the sea: Experiencing the Pagkanduli ritual of the Sama Dilaut (Bajau Laut) in Sikulan, Tawi-Tawi, Southern Philippines. Write CSS OR LESS and hit save. Want to shed the baggage of your old life and embrace a new and beautiful one? Anvil Publishing. The History of Butterfly Magic and Folklore, Customs, Traditions and Folklore of Litha, animal symbolism is incorporated into magical belief, some sort of spider mythology, and folktales. Peraren, A. Anting-anting: o kung bakit nagtatago sa loob ng bato si bathala. Talubin Folklore, Bontoc, Mountain Province. opyright 2012-2013 Emky (Ty Barbary). In Asian folklore, especially in that of the Vedda of Sri Lanka the peacock deserves a charm of praise since this bird kills centipedes and snakes.[3]. Teresita Alcantara y Antonio. Philippine Studies Vol. Mckenzie, D. A. Sepa is considered to be a protector against poisonous bites and stings, which is a common attribute among deities of venomous creatures, including scorpions (Serqet) and snakes (Wadjet and others). London: Berghahn. Storch, Tanya (2017).Religions and Missionaries around the Pacific, 15001900. Galang, Zoilo M. (1950). With contributions by E. Arsenio Manuel. Nanzan University. Manila: MCS Enterprises . Philippine Quarterly of Culture and Society Vol. Canberra, Australia: ANU E Press. Beyer, H. O. Explore Case Studies: Maalagay Dogal/Matilo, Philippines (2013). Benedict, L. W. (1916). Scientific American: Supplement, Volume 51. Madrid, 1895. Ibanag Indigenous Religious Beliefs: a study in culture and education. Horses: A piebald is a good omen. Novellino, D. (2003). The University of the Philippines Press. Sepa is considered to be a protector against poisonous bites and stings, which is a common attribute among deities of venomous creatures, including scorpions (Serqet) and snakes (Wadjet and others). Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. Kayamanan: MaiPanoramas of Philippine Primeval. Dont laugh. Weavers of Peace: The Higaonon Tribe in the Philippines. (1923). Casal, G. (1978). Pamulak Manobo: supreme deity and creator of the world, including the land, sea, and the first humans; throws water from the sky, causing rain, while his spit are the showers; Melu: another name of the supreme deity, who created humans, aided by his brother Fun Tao Tana, Manama: another name of the supreme deity who created the world and human beings, Fun Tao Tana: aided Melu in the creation of humans; put on the noses of humans upside down, which Melu corrected, Malaki tohu Awig: the hero who destroyed sickness, Tarabumo: deity for whom the rice ceremony is held, Tonamaling: a deity who may be benevolent or malevolent, Lumbat: a divinity of the skyworld who became a diwata when the chief deity cut out his intestines; eventually became the greatest of all Diwata, Diwata (general): a class of deities; also a name associated with the chief deity, Tolus ka balakat: the dweller of the ritual hanger, Unnamed Gods: gods whose fire create smoke that becomes the white clouds, while the sun creates yellow clouds that make the colors of the rainbow, Unnamed Divinities: each realm in the skyrealms are ruled by a lesser divinity, Darago: god of warriors married to Mandarangan, Mandarangan: god of warriors married to Darago; resides at Mount Apo's summit; human sacrifices to him are rewarded with health, valor in war, and success in the pursuit of wealth, Mebuyan: the underworld goddess who governs Banua Mebuyan, a special place reserved for children who died at their mother's breast; she nourishes the souls of dead infants, until they no longer need nursing, Bait Pandi: the goddess of weavers who taught women weaving, Sky Goddess: the sky herself; debated with Lumabet, until an agreement was reached, so that Lumabet and his people may enter the sky, except for the last man, Lumabet: a hero who guided his people into the sky, where they became immortals, Father of Lumabet: was cut into many pieces many times under Lumabet's order, until he became a small child, Tagalion: son of Lumabet and searched for his father in Lumabet's abode underground; aided by white bees in finding his father in the sky, Eels of Mount Apo: two giant eels, where one went east and arrived at sea, begetting all the eels of the world; the other went west, and remained on land until it died and became the western foothills of Mount Apo, Toglai: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death, Toglibon: one of the two ancestors of mankind; became a spirit after death, Limocan: a venerated omen bird, who warned a chief about the dangers during the rescue of the chief's kidnapped daughter, Lakivot: a giant civet who pursued the flowers of gold guarded by the one-eyed ogassi and witches called busaw; turned into a young man after his eyebrows were shaved, Girl Companion of Lakivot: requested Lakivot to bring the flowers of gold, which later resulted into their marriage, Melu: the creator deity whose teeth are pure gold and whose skin is pure white; created humans with the god Tau Tana.

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