Reading time: 1 minute. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, Superficial muscles of head, superficial part of parotid gland. The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups superficial, intermediate and deep: The deep muscles develop embryologically in the back, and are thus described as intrinsic muscles. The deep pectoral muscle (or ascending pectoral) is a strong muscle which originates from the sternum, the xiphoid cartilage adn the costal cartilages and inserts on the medial or lateral aspect of the proximal humerus in different species. Perimysium. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is a form of endoplasmic reticulum. The deep group is the intrinsic muscle group. Vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, transverse cervical, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar, and lateral sacral arteries. Transverse (T) Tubules, 4. Open menu. superficial back muscles. These are the most prominent muscles of the neck that you can see and feel when you rotate your head . The deep back muscles extend along the entire length of the spine. Author: Become activated The splenius capitis muscle is innervated by the posterior ramus of spinal nerves C3 and C4. The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. Deeply situated mimetic muscles, which receive their neurovascular supply to their anterior surface, include the buccinator, mentalis, and levator anguli oris. However, some of these structures are specialized in muscle fibers. Reading time: 21 minutes. All rights reserved. Terms in this set (4) Epimysium. 3. Unilateral contraction, on the other hand, causes ipsilateral flexion of the neck and thoracic spine with contralateral rotation of the head. All these muscles are therefore associated with movements of the upper limb. As other erector spinae muscles, the main function of the spinalis muscle is extension of the vertebral column during bilateral contraction, and lateral flexion of the spine to the same side when acting unilaterally. The muscles of the back can be divided into three groups - superficial, intermediate and deep: This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles - their attachments, innervations and functions. They originate from the transverse processes of C7-T11 vertebrae and travel inferolaterally to insert between the tubercle and the angle of the corresponding rib below. Sarcomeres, 1. Superficial muscles. One of the bones remains relatively fixed or stable while the other end moves as a result of muscle contraction. This layer is recognized as an off-white sheath for the underlying muscles. This article will introduce you to the anatomy and function of the deep muscles of the back. What do the C cells of the thyroid secrete? The first two groups ( superficial and intermediate) are referred to as the extrinsic back muscles. See Superficial Muscles of the Human Body for more examples. The blood supply for both muscles comes from the vertebral, occipital, superior intercostal, deep cervical and transverse cervical arteries. The deep venous system of the calf includes the anterior tibial, posterior tibial, and peroneal veins. There are two rhomboid muscles - major and minor. Superficial Fascia Traditionally, it is described as being made up of membranous layers with loosely packed interwoven collagen and elastic fibers. Formed mainly by myosin, Thin and Thick filaments overlap at the ends, 1. Assume that the pressure of the gas is low enough for the gas to obey the ideal-gas law to a high degree of accuracy. This fascia is organised into several layers. 5 What is the function of superficial fascia? the thin filaments do not extend into the H zone). An individual skeletal muscle may be made up of hundreds, or even thousands, of muscle fibers bundled together and wrapped in a connective tissue covering. Its blood supply comes from the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, posterior intercostal, subcostal, lumbar and lateral sacral arteries based on the regions the muscle parts occupy. They are commonly used in both human and zoological anatomy to describe the location or direction of bodily structures. Inside each fascicle, each muscle fiber is encased in a thin connective tissue layer of collagen and reticular fibers called the endomysium. Commonly, the epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium extend beyond the fleshy part of the muscle, the belly or gaster, to form a thick ropelike tendon or a broad, flat sheet-like aponeurosis. Cael, C. (2010). If you do not agree to the foregoing terms and conditions, you should not enter this site. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is called the sarcolemma (from the Greek sarco, which means flesh) and the cytoplasm is referred to as sarcoplasm(Figure 10.2.2). The deep back muscles, also called intrinsic or true back muscles, consist of four layers of muscles: superficial, intermediate, deep and deepest layers. A B. Deep - muscles closest to the bone--the innermost layer. 2020. In anatomy, superficial is a directional term that indicates one structure is located more externally than another, or closer to the surface of the body. As their name suggests, the main function of these muscles is to elevate the ribs and facilitate inspiration during breathing. The intrinsic or deep muscles are those muscles that fuse with the vertebral column. The intertransversarii colli are innervated by the anterior and posterior rami of cervical spinal nerves, while lumbar intertransversarii are innervated by the anterior and posterior rami of lumbar spinal nerves. Surrounds the entire muscle. Order of the Muscle Superficial to Deep (6) 1. By the end of this section, you will be able to: Each skeletal muscle is an organ that consists of various integrated tissues. They receive blood supply from dorsal branches of respective regional arteries, namely the vertebral, deep cervical, occipital, transverse cervical, superior and posterior intercostal, subcostal and lumbar arteries. Fascia, connective tissue outside the epimysium, surrounds and separates the muscles. They stretch between the skull and pelvis and lie on either side of the spine. Pronator quadrants flexor digitorum profundus flexor digitorum superficial is flexor carpi radials What is. This fascicular organization is common in muscles of the limbs; it allows the nervous system to trigger a specific movement of a muscle by activating a subset of muscle fibers within a fascicle of the muscle. The information we provide is grounded on academic literature and peer-reviewed research. Types of Skeletal Muscle Fiber The two main types of skeletal muscle fiber are slow-twitch (ST or Type I) fibers and fast-twitch (FT or Type II) fibers. In anatomy, superficial is a directional term that indicates one structure is located more externally than another, or closer to the surface of the body. The superficial neck muscles are found on the sides of the neck closest to the surface. For example, bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles. The risorius muscle is a narrow bundle of muscle fibers that becomes narrower from its origin at the fascia of the lateral cheek over the parotid gland and superficial masseter and platysma muscles, to its insertion onto the skin of the angle of the mouth. Epimysium 2. Largest single molecule of protein, Titan with force it back to its original length, Site where the motor neuron and muscle cells meet, David N. Shier, Jackie L. Butler, Ricki Lewis, Anatomy and Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, Patophysiology CH 32 Disorders of Cardiac Fun. These muscles can be subdivided into four layers - superficial, intermediate, deep (transversospinales) and deepest. The term superficial is a directional term used to describe the position of one structure relative to the surface of the body or to another underlying structure. It passes superficial to the sternocleidomastoid muscle A. Deep Layer. . Functional anatomy: Musculoskeletal anatomy, kinesiology, and palpation for manual therapists. Watch this video to learn more about what happens at the neuromuscular junction. Copyright Netter, F. (2019). Cross-bridge formation and filament sliding will occur when calcium is present, and the signaling process leading to calcium release and muscle contraction is known as Excitation-Contraction Coupling. Troponin and tropomyosin run along the actin filaments and control when the actin binding sites will be exposed for binding to myosin. The Cardiovascular System: The Heart, Chapter 20. Each skeletal muscle fiber is a single cylindrical muscle cell. This article is about the anatomy of the superficial back muscles their attachments, innervations and functions. Results in skeletal muscle growth, 1. The absolute pressure, velocity, and temperature just upstream from the wave are 207 kPa, 610 m/s, and 17.8C^{\circ} \mathrm{C}C, respectively. The striations of skeletal muscle are created by the organization of actin and myosin filaments resulting in the banding pattern of myofibrils. 2. What is superficial fascia of pectoral region? by bv3833. Deep: In anatomy, away from the surface or further into the body. Last reviewed: November 10, 2022 deep muscles of hindlimb. Why does Gary Soto's work seem autobiographical? The troponin-tropomyosin complex uses calcium ion binding to TnC to regulate when the myosin heads form cross-bridges to the actin filaments. They also assist with extension of the cervical and lumbar spine. Sample population: 8 cadaveric forelimbs from 6 adult Thoroughbreds. The troponin protein complex consists of three polypeptides. 6 Whats the difference between superficial fascia and deep fascia? The back is a dorsal structure on a human and a dog. The iliocostalis cervicis is vascularized by the occipital, deep cervical and vertebral arteries. The trapezius and the latissimus dorsi lie the most superficially, with the trapezius covering the rhomboids and levator scapulae. The opposite of superficial is deep, which indicates that a structure is further away from the external surface of the body. However, when acting individually, each muscle causes lateral flexion of the neck and rotation of the head to the same side. This article will focus on the superficial group. Skeletal muscle fibers are organized into groups called fascicles. The final group is the intermediate muscles, which help with the movement of the thoracic cage. 146. In some muscles the fibers are parallel to the long axis of the muscle; in some they converge to a narrow attachment; and in some they are oblique. 4th ed. Standring, S. (2016). Feeling a bit overwhelmed? The membrane of the cell is the sarcolemma; the cytoplasm of the cell is the sarcoplasm. How does sexual reproduction affect a population's genetic variation? Muscles which lie closer to bone or internal organs are called deep muscles. The tissue does more than provide internal structure; fascia has nerves that make it almost as sensitive as skin. Their appearance is different, however, as superficial veins can tend to bulge and knot under the skin, causing a rope-like appearance. and grab your free ultimate anatomy study guide! A B. (a) What is the definition of a motor unit? Every skeletal muscle is also richly supplied by blood vessels for nourishment, oxygen delivery, and waste removal. shallow; not profound or thorough: a superficial writer. It plays a key role in facial expression by connecting mimetic muscles to the dermis. The connective tissue covering furnish support and protection for the delicate cells and allow them to withstand the forces of contraction. Register now They range from extremely tiny strands such as the stapedium muscle of the middle ear to large masses such as the muscles of the thigh. Learning anatomy is a massive undertaking, and we're here to help you pass with flying colours. They span the entire length of the vertebral column, extending from the cranium to the pelvis. Is Clostridium difficile Gram-positive or negative? The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Is our article missing some key information? (b) What are the names of the subunits within the myofibrils that run the length of skeletal muscle fibers? What are the superficial fascia of a muscle fiber? These flat muscles are located on the posterolateral aspect of the neck and the posterior upper thorax, overlying the deep muscles of the neck. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. deep muscles of thigh. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. (c) To avoid prolongation of muscle contraction. Chapter 1. There is a risorius muscle located on either side of the lips in . Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. According to standard textbooks of anatomy, the superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue is described as a layer of loose areolar connective or adipose tissue that connects the skin to the underlying bones or deep fascia (3). Having many nuclei allows for production of the large amounts of proteins and enzymes needed for maintaining normal function of these large protein dense cells. Original Author(s): Oliver Jones Last updated: October 29, 2020 1 What are the layers of muscle from superficial to deep? Within a muscle fiber, proteins are organized into organelles called myofibrils that run the length of the cell and contain sarcomeres connected in series. 2023 This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The function of the intertransversarii colli muscles is to assist in lateral flexion and stabilization of the cervical spine. Major Surface Muscles Biceps brachii- origin: Long head: Supraglenoid tubercle above the superior lip of glenoid fossa Short head: Coracoid process of scapula and upper lip of g. Dogs Muscular System Just like with humans dogs have voluntary and involuntary muscles. According to the nomenclature of veins of the lower limb [4], soleal and gastrocnemius veins are included in the deep venous system (Figure 1). Superficial Fascia It is found just underneath the skin, and stores fat and water and acts as a passageway for lymph, nerve and blood vessels. All content published on Kenhub is reviewed by medical and anatomy experts. By clicking Accept All, you consent to the use of ALL the cookies. ; Perimysium is the muscular layer, made up of connective tissue, which is located between the epimysium and endomysium layers, and which has the function of covering the muscular fascicles. Each muscle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the epimysium. To find out more, read our privacy policy. It is divided into three regions based on their attachments: The attachments of the longissimus muscle are shown in the table below: The nerve supply to the various parts of the longissimus muscle is by branches of the posterior rami of the corresponding regional spinal nerves. See Page 1. o Oblique (middle) sesamoidean ligaments: deep to . 5). Likes. The thin filaments also have a stabilizing protein, called nebulin, which spans the length of the thick filaments. KeeneyQuest. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. Superficial is used to describe structures that are closer to the exterior surface of the body. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The intertransversarii muscles are small muscles that pass between the transverse processes of adjacent vertebrae and are most developed in the cervical and lumbar regions of the spine. It is one of the muscles that forms the floor of the posterior triangle of the neck. The deep back muscles act together to provide support and maintain the bodys posture, as well as to produce movements of the head, neck, and trunk. Superficial: want to learn more about it? The iliocostalis muscle forms the lateral column of the erector spinae muscle group. (c) This is the arrangement of the actin and myosin filaments in a sarcomere. Last reviewed: July 19, 2022 The various parts of the semispinalis muscle are vascularized by branches of the occipital, deep cervical, vertebral and dorsal branches of posterior intercostal arteries. The longissimus muscle forms the central column of the erector spinae muscle group and is the longest and thickest of this group. In anatomy, superficial is a directional term that indicates one structure is located more externally than another, or closer to the surface of the body. Summary origin gluteus maximus: ilium, lumbar fascia, sacrum, and sacrotuberous ligament Before a skeletal muscle fiber can contract, it has to receive an impulse from a nerve cell. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. Because myofibrils are only approximately 1.2 m in diameter, hundreds to thousands (each with thousands of sarcomeres) can be found inside one muscle fiber. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. It contains fat, blood vessels, lymphatics, glands, and nerves. What is fascia? Each region of the iliocostalis muscle has a specific blood supply. Each muscle column is subdivided into regions (lumborum, thoracic, cervicis, capitis) based on which region of the axial skeleton it attaches to superiorly. The levatores costarum, interspinales and intertransversarii muscles form the deepest layer of the deep back muscles and are sometimes referred to as the segmental muscles or the minor deep back muscles. There are two rhomboid muscles major and minor. Found an error? Smallest unit of the muscle The attachments of the semispinalis muscle are shown in the table below: The semispinalis capitis is innervated by the greater occipital nerve (posterior ramus of C2 spinal nerve) and spinal nerve C3, while both the semispinalis cervicis and the semispinalis thoracis are innervated by medial branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves. The gluteus maximus is an important muscle for hip extension and lateral rotation. Within the filament, each globular actin monomer (G-actin) contains a myosin binding site and is also associated with the regulatory proteins, troponin and tropomyosin. Explore. What is thought to influence the overproduction and pruning of synapses in the brain quizlet? Every skeletal muscle fiber is supplied by a motor neuron at the NMJ. These flat muscles are located on the posterolateral aspect of the neck and the posterior upper thorax, overlying the deep muscles of the neck. Register now This means it is not limited to structures on the very outside of the body, such as the skin or eyes. Reviewer: Contractile unit in myofibrils bound by Z lines Skeletal muscles have an abundant supply of blood vessels and nerves. The superficial muscle layer is composed of the splenius muscles (spinotransversales muscles), which are the splenius capitis and splenius cervicis. In one female specimen, the superficial temporalis demonstrated extensive insertions into the zygomatic process and temporomandibular joint. The superficial and intermediate muscles do not develop in the back, and are classified as extrinsic muscles. In this anatomy course, part of the Anatomy Specialization, you will learn how the components of the integumentary system help protect our body (epidermis, dermis, hair, nails, and glands), and how the musculoskeletal system (bones, joints, and skeletal muscles) protects and allows the body to move. 2. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Routing number of commercial bank of Ethiopia? 1,3-6,9 The temporalis muscle has two fasciae. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Dimitrios Mytilinaios MD, PhD The epidermis is the most superficial layer of the skin and provides the first barrier of protection from the invasion of substances into the body. The most superficial muscle in this group is the semispinalis muscle, spanning the thoracic and cervical regions of the vertebral column, with an attachment on the occipital bone of the skull. The five layers from superficial to deep are: S- Skin: It is thick and has large number of hair follicles and associated sebaceous glands. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Gordana Sendi MD The full chart measures 11"X17" and folds to 8.5"X11" to fit into a protective sleeve. For example, bones in an appendage are located deeper than the muscles. This information is intended for medical education, and does not create any doctor-patient relationship, and should not be used as a substitute for professional diagnosis and treatment. (b) A large motor unit has one neuron supplying many skeletal muscle fibers for gross movements, like the Temporalis muscle, where 1000 fibers are supplied by one neuron. I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Myofibrils However, everybody has veins and arteries that go to all the parts of the body, so thats at least 34 main veins, and many more smaller veins connecting with the capillaries. For example, the outer layers of skin are superficial to deeper layers of skin. Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue. This is a common site of injury in performance horses, as this ligament is prone to strain or tears. The muscles on each side form a trapezoid shape. Superficial veins can be seen under the skin. The sarcoplasm, or cytoplasm of the muscle cell, contains calciumstoring sarcoplasmic reticulum, the specialized endoplasmic reticulum of a muscle cell. Each organ or muscle consists of skeletal muscle tissue, connective tissue, nerve tissue, and blood or vascular tissue. The endomysium surrounds theextracellular matrix of the cells and plays a role in transferring force produced by the muscle fibers to the tendons. It inserts onto the heel bone along with the gastrocnemius via the Achilles tendon. A deep vein is located beside an artery that has the same name. Did all those muscle facts get you excited? Where does the deep cervical fascia lie in the body? The iliocostalis thoracis is supplied by the dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries, while the dorsal branches of the lumbar and lateral sacral arteries supply the iliocostalis lumborum. Formed by fibers that anchor thick filaments. (c) Why is the neurotransmitter acetylcholine degraded after binding to its receptor? Fig 1.0 The superficial muscles of the back. Creator. Superficial epigastric artery and lateral to it the superficial circumflex iliac artery. Hydrophobic spheres that stick to each other and combine to form a helix, Wraps around actin to stabilize the filament, Pull and releases tropomyosin to cover and uncover myosin-binding sites on actin, Calcium concentrations that determine what Troponin's strength is on tropomyosin, Remove Tropomyosin from the myosin-binding sites on actin, Protein that covers the myosin binding sites on actin to prevent a cross bridge from forming, 1. Other structural proteins are associated with the sarcomere but do not play a direct role in active force production. [caption id="attachment_10914" align="aligncenter" width="574"]. Intermediate Back Muscles and c. Deep Back Muscles Superficial Back Muscles Action Movements of the shoulder. The deep fascia, also known as the investing fascia, envelops muscles and serves to support the tissues like an elastic sheath. They arise from the transverse processes of the vertebral column and run upwards and medially in an oblique fashion to insert on the spinous processes of superior vertebrae. These muscles are divided regionally into three parts; interspinales cervicis, thoracis and lumborum. Cancer Registration & Surveillance Modules, Classification & Structure of Blood Vessels, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The Superficial Front Line starts with the muscles on top of your feet, travels up the shin bone, connects into the quads, and then up through the core into the rectus abdominis and ends in the sternocleidomastoid (SCM) on each side of the neck. What would happen to skeletal muscle if the epimysium were destroyed? Lightest region on the ends of the Sarcomere 2. Deep veins are thicker than superficial veins and buried throughout the most inner parts of the body below the skin. Fascia is a thin casing of connective tissue that surrounds and holds every organ, blood vessel, bone, nerve fiber and muscle in place. Superficial and deep fascia are two types of fascia found in our body. The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. From superficial to deep the correct order of muscle structure is? Dark region in center of the Sarcomere Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance, Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon, Next: 10.3 Muscle Fiber Excitation, Contraction, and Relaxation, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, Describe the connective tissue layers surrounding skeletal muscle, Define a muscle fiber, myofibril, and sarcomere, List the major sarcomeric proteins involved with contraction, Identify the regions of the sarcomere and whether they change during contraction, Explain the sliding filament process of muscle contraction. Sarcolemma muscle cell membrane. The trapezius is a broad, flat and triangular muscle. Superficial muscles are close to the surface of the skin. Copyright 11p Image Quiz. Edwin Ocran MBChB, MSc (a) It is the number of skeletal muscle fibers supplied by a single motor neuron. 2. How many nieces and nephew luther vandross have? What are some examples of how providers can receive incentives? Titin is anchored at the M-Line, runs the length of myosin, and extends to the Z disc. Contain similar components, but are organized differently, Motor fiber and all the skeletal muscle fibers it innervates, 1. Origin and insertion Splenius capitis originates from the spinous processes of C7-T4 and the nuchal ligament. Cross bridges form between the thick and thin filaments and the thin filaments are pulled which slide past the thick filaments within the fibers sarcomeres. Three parts of the muscle were clearly delineated in all cadaveric specimens: (1) the classically recognized superficial part, (2) a zygomatic part, and (3) a complex deep part. The superficial back muscles are covered by skin, subcutaneous connective tissue and a layer of fat. Quiz Type. Generally, the muscles of the transversospinalis group stabilize the vertebrae during localized movements of the intervertebral joints of the vertebral column. These muscles lie between the spinous and transverse processes of the vertebral column, deep to the erector spinae muscles. The heavy chains consist of a tail region, flexible hinge region, and globular head which contains an Actin-binding site and a binding site for the high energy molecule ATP. Skeletal muscle fibers can be quite large compared to other cells, with diameters up to 100 m and lengths up to 30 cm (11.8 in) in the Sartorius of the upper leg. Two muscles in the deep layer are responsible for maintenance of posture and rotation of the neck. The spinalis thoracis muscle is supplied by dorsal branches of the superior and posterior intercostal arteries, and branches of the lumbar arteries. The muscle is divided into three regions according to its attachments: The attachments of the iliocostalis muscle are shown in the table below: The iliocostalis is innervated by lateral branches of the posterior rami of cervical, thoracic and lumbar spinal nerves. The plasma membrane of muscle fibers is called the sarcolemma, the cytoplasm is referred to as sarcoplasm, and the specialized smooth endoplasmic reticulum, which stores, releases, and retrieves calcium ions (Ca++) is called the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) (Figure 2). The intermuscular septa and the antebrachial fascia also provide partial origins, and some muscles have additional bony origins [].Proceeding from the lateral to the medial direction, there are the pronator teres (PT), flexor carpi radialis (FCR), palmaris longus (PL . Anatomy and human movement: structure and function (6th ed.). Deep varicose veins can still twist inside the body, but this isnt visible without specialised imaging equipment. Striated muscle cells are multinucleated. Deep fascia is a relatively thick, dense, and discrete fibrous tissue layer. The opposite of superficial is deep. B C. C D. D E. E 9. Let's look at the structure of a nerve from superficial to deep. Unilateral contraction of the muscle results in ipsilateral lateral flexion of the spine. Which structure lies immediately anterior to the right anterior scalene muscle at its costal attachment? The attachments of the rotatores muscles are shown in the table below: The rotatores are innervated by the medial branches of posterior rami of spinal nerves and receive their blood supply via dorsal branches of posterior intercostal and lumbar arteries. Inside each skeletal muscle, muscle fibers are organized into bundles, called fascicles, surrounded by a middle layer of connective tissue called the perimysium. 2. Get instant access to this gallery, plus: Anterior intertransversarii colli muscles, Posterior intertransversarii colli muscles, Introduction to the musculoskeletal system, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the abdomen, Nerves, vessels and lymphatics of the pelvis, Infratemporal region and pterygopalatine fossa, Meninges, ventricular system and subarachnoid space, posterior intercostal and subcostal arteries.

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